Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics
Volume 0,Issue 1,2025 Table of Contents
2025(1):1-24.
DOI: 10.16356/j.1005-1120.2025.01.001
Abstract:
Intelligent production is an important development direction in intelligent manufacturing， with intelligent factories playing a crucial role in promoting intelligent production. Flexible job shops， as the main form of intelligent factories， constantly face dynamic disturbances during the production process， including machine failures and urgent orders. This paper discusses the basic models and research methods of job shop scheduling， emphasizing the important role of dynamic job shop scheduling and its response schemes in future research. A multi-objective flexible job shop dynamic scheduling mathematical model is established， highlighting its complex and multi-constraint characteristics under different interferences. A classification discussion is conducted on the dynamic response methods and optimization objectives under machine failures， emergency orders， fuzzy completion times， and mixed dynamic events. The development process of traditional scheduling rules and intelligent methods in dynamic scheduling are also analyzed. Finally， based on the current development status of job shop scheduling and the requirements of intelligent manufacturing， the future development trends of dynamic scheduling in flexible job shops are proposed.
Intelligent production is an important development direction in intelligent manufacturing， with intelligent factories playing a crucial role in promoting intelligent production. Flexible job shops， as the main form of intelligent factories， constantly face dynamic disturbances during the production process， including machine failures and urgent orders. This paper discusses the basic models and research methods of job shop scheduling， emphasizing the important role of dynamic job shop scheduling and its response schemes in future research. A multi-objective flexible job shop dynamic scheduling mathematical model is established， highlighting its complex and multi-constraint characteristics under different interferences. A classification discussion is conducted on the dynamic response methods and optimization objectives under machine failures， emergency orders， fuzzy completion times， and mixed dynamic events. The development process of traditional scheduling rules and intelligent methods in dynamic scheduling are also analyzed. Finally， based on the current development status of job shop scheduling and the requirements of intelligent manufacturing， the future development trends of dynamic scheduling in flexible job shops are proposed.
2025(1):25-36.
DOI: 10.16356/j.1005-1120.2025.01.002
Abstract:
With the advancement of more electric aircraft （MEA） technology， the application of electro-hydrostatic actuators （EHAs） in aircraft actuation systems has become increasingly prevalent. This paper focuses on the modeling and mode switching analysis of EHA used in the primary flight control actuation systems of large aircraft， addressing the challenges associated with mode switching. First， we analyze the functional architecture and operational characteristics of multi-mode EHA， and sumarize the operating modes and implementation methods. Based on the EHA system architecture， we then develop a theoretical mathematical model and a simulation model. Using the simulation model， we analyze the performance of the EHA during normal operation. Finally， the performance of the EHA during mode switching under various functional switching scenarios is investigated. The results indicate that the EHA meets the performance requirements in terms of accuracy， bandwidth， and load capacity. Additionally， the hydraulic cylinder operates smoothly during the EHA mode switching， and the response time for switching between different modes is less than the specified threshold. These findings validate the system performance of multi-mode EHA， which helps to improve the reliability of EHA and the safety of aircraft flight control systems.
With the advancement of more electric aircraft （MEA） technology， the application of electro-hydrostatic actuators （EHAs） in aircraft actuation systems has become increasingly prevalent. This paper focuses on the modeling and mode switching analysis of EHA used in the primary flight control actuation systems of large aircraft， addressing the challenges associated with mode switching. First， we analyze the functional architecture and operational characteristics of multi-mode EHA， and sumarize the operating modes and implementation methods. Based on the EHA system architecture， we then develop a theoretical mathematical model and a simulation model. Using the simulation model， we analyze the performance of the EHA during normal operation. Finally， the performance of the EHA during mode switching under various functional switching scenarios is investigated. The results indicate that the EHA meets the performance requirements in terms of accuracy， bandwidth， and load capacity. Additionally， the hydraulic cylinder operates smoothly during the EHA mode switching， and the response time for switching between different modes is less than the specified threshold. These findings validate the system performance of multi-mode EHA， which helps to improve the reliability of EHA and the safety of aircraft flight control systems.
2025(1):37-55.
DOI: 10.16356/j.1005-1120.2025.01.003
Abstract:
This paper presents the design and ground verification for vision-based relative navigation systems of microsatellites， which offers a comprehensive hardware design solution and a robust experimental verification methodology for practical implementation of vision-based navigation technology on the microsatellite platform. Firstly， a low power consumption， light weight， and high performance vision-based relative navigation optical sensor is designed. Subsequently， a set of ground verification system is designed for the hardware-in-the-loop testing of the vision-based relative navigation systems. Finally， the designed vision-based relative navigation optical sensor and the proposed angles-only navigation algorithms are tested on the ground verification system. The results verify that the optical simulator after geometrical calibration can meet the requirements of the hardware-in-the-loop testing of vision-based relative navigation systems. Based on experimental results， the relative position accuracy of the angles-only navigation filter at terminal time is increased by 25.5%， and the relative speed accuracy is increased by 31.3% compared with those of optical simulator before geometrical calibration.
This paper presents the design and ground verification for vision-based relative navigation systems of microsatellites， which offers a comprehensive hardware design solution and a robust experimental verification methodology for practical implementation of vision-based navigation technology on the microsatellite platform. Firstly， a low power consumption， light weight， and high performance vision-based relative navigation optical sensor is designed. Subsequently， a set of ground verification system is designed for the hardware-in-the-loop testing of the vision-based relative navigation systems. Finally， the designed vision-based relative navigation optical sensor and the proposed angles-only navigation algorithms are tested on the ground verification system. The results verify that the optical simulator after geometrical calibration can meet the requirements of the hardware-in-the-loop testing of vision-based relative navigation systems. Based on experimental results， the relative position accuracy of the angles-only navigation filter at terminal time is increased by 25.5%， and the relative speed accuracy is increased by 31.3% compared with those of optical simulator before geometrical calibration.
2025(1):56-69.
DOI: 10.16356/j.1005-1120.2025.01.004
Abstract:
Under complex flight conditions， such as obstacle avoidance and extreme sea state， wing-in-ground （WIG） effect aircraft need to ascend to higher altitudes， resulting in the disappearance of the ground effect. A design of high-speed WIG airfoil considering non-ground effect is carried out by a novel two-step inverse airfoil design method that combines conditional generative adversarial network （CGAN） and artificial neural network （ANN）. The CGAN model is employed to generate a variety of airfoil designs that satisfy the desired lift-drag ratios in both ground effect and non-ground effect conditions. Subsequently， the ANN model is utilized to forecast aerodynamic parameters of the generated airfoils. The results indicate that the CGAN model contributes to a high accuracy rate for airfoil design and enables the creation of novel airfoil designs. Furthermore， it demonstrates high accuracy in predicting aerodynamic parameters of these airfoils due to the ANN model. This method eliminates the necessity for numerical simulations and experimental testing through the design procedure， showcasing notable efficiency. The analysis of airfoils generated by the CGAN model shows that airfoils exhibiting high lift-drag ratios under both flight conditions typically have cambers of among ［0.08c， 0.105c］， with the positions of maximum camber occurring among ［0.35c， 0.5c］ of the chord length， and the leading-edge radiuses of these airfoils primarily cluster among ［0.008c， 0.025c］.
Under complex flight conditions， such as obstacle avoidance and extreme sea state， wing-in-ground （WIG） effect aircraft need to ascend to higher altitudes， resulting in the disappearance of the ground effect. A design of high-speed WIG airfoil considering non-ground effect is carried out by a novel two-step inverse airfoil design method that combines conditional generative adversarial network （CGAN） and artificial neural network （ANN）. The CGAN model is employed to generate a variety of airfoil designs that satisfy the desired lift-drag ratios in both ground effect and non-ground effect conditions. Subsequently， the ANN model is utilized to forecast aerodynamic parameters of the generated airfoils. The results indicate that the CGAN model contributes to a high accuracy rate for airfoil design and enables the creation of novel airfoil designs. Furthermore， it demonstrates high accuracy in predicting aerodynamic parameters of these airfoils due to the ANN model. This method eliminates the necessity for numerical simulations and experimental testing through the design procedure， showcasing notable efficiency. The analysis of airfoils generated by the CGAN model shows that airfoils exhibiting high lift-drag ratios under both flight conditions typically have cambers of among ［0.08c， 0.105c］， with the positions of maximum camber occurring among ［0.35c， 0.5c］ of the chord length， and the leading-edge radiuses of these airfoils primarily cluster among ［0.008c， 0.025c］.
2025(1):70-79.
DOI: 10.16356/j.1005-1120.2025.01.005
Abstract:
This paper concerns the exponential attitude-orbit coordinated control problems for gravitational-wave detection formation spacecraft systems. Notably， the large-scale communication delays resulting from oversized inter-satellite distance of space-based laser interferometers are first modeled. Subject to the delayed communication behaviors， a new delay-dependent attitude-orbit coordinated controller is designed. Moreover， by reconstructing the less conservative Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and free-weight matrices， sufficient criteria are derived to ensure the exponential stability of the closed-loop relative translation and attitude error system. Finally， a simulation example is employed to illustrate the numerical validity of the proposed controller for in-orbit detection missions.
This paper concerns the exponential attitude-orbit coordinated control problems for gravitational-wave detection formation spacecraft systems. Notably， the large-scale communication delays resulting from oversized inter-satellite distance of space-based laser interferometers are first modeled. Subject to the delayed communication behaviors， a new delay-dependent attitude-orbit coordinated controller is designed. Moreover， by reconstructing the less conservative Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and free-weight matrices， sufficient criteria are derived to ensure the exponential stability of the closed-loop relative translation and attitude error system. Finally， a simulation example is employed to illustrate the numerical validity of the proposed controller for in-orbit detection missions.
2025(1):80-89.
DOI: 10.16356/j.1005-1120.2025.01.006
Abstract:
A compact high-scanning-rate circular-polarized leaky-wave antenna （LWA） based on a meandering substrate integrated waveguide （SIW） with defected ground structures （DGSs） is presented. The meandering-SIW design is employed to enhance the beam scanning rate， while circular polarization is achieved by etching π-shaped slots on the top plane. To suppress the open stopband at broadside， offset circular DGSs are periodically etched on the ground plane. Their impact on the reflection coefficient and axial ratio is then analyzed through a parametric study. A prototype of the antenna is simulated， fabricated， and measured. Both simulated and measured results indicate a scanning rate of approximately 8.6， with continuous beam scanning from -41°to 59°across the 11.3—12.7 GHz operating band. The antenna maintains an axial ratio below 3 dB within the 11.5—12.3 GHz range. This design shows promise for use in wireless communication systems， particularly in environments with increasingly limited spectrum resources.
A compact high-scanning-rate circular-polarized leaky-wave antenna （LWA） based on a meandering substrate integrated waveguide （SIW） with defected ground structures （DGSs） is presented. The meandering-SIW design is employed to enhance the beam scanning rate， while circular polarization is achieved by etching π-shaped slots on the top plane. To suppress the open stopband at broadside， offset circular DGSs are periodically etched on the ground plane. Their impact on the reflection coefficient and axial ratio is then analyzed through a parametric study. A prototype of the antenna is simulated， fabricated， and measured. Both simulated and measured results indicate a scanning rate of approximately 8.6， with continuous beam scanning from -41°to 59°across the 11.3—12.7 GHz operating band. The antenna maintains an axial ratio below 3 dB within the 11.5—12.3 GHz range. This design shows promise for use in wireless communication systems， particularly in environments with increasingly limited spectrum resources.
2025(1):90-100.
DOI: 10.16356/j.1005-1120.2025.01.007
Abstract:
Sparse array design has significant implications for improving the accuracy of direction of arrival （DOA） estimation of non-circular （NC） signals. We propose an extended nested array with a filled sensor （ENAFS） based on the hole-filling strategy. Specifically， we first introduce the improved nested array （INA） and prove its properties. Subsequently， we extend the sum-difference coarray （SDCA） by adding an additional sensor to fill the holes. Thus the larger uniform degrees of freedom （uDOFs） and virtual array aperture （VAA） can be abtained， and the ENAFS is designed. Finally， the simulation results are given to verify the superiority of the proposed ENAFS in terms of DOF， mutual coupling and estimation performance.
Sparse array design has significant implications for improving the accuracy of direction of arrival （DOA） estimation of non-circular （NC） signals. We propose an extended nested array with a filled sensor （ENAFS） based on the hole-filling strategy. Specifically， we first introduce the improved nested array （INA） and prove its properties. Subsequently， we extend the sum-difference coarray （SDCA） by adding an additional sensor to fill the holes. Thus the larger uniform degrees of freedom （uDOFs） and virtual array aperture （VAA） can be abtained， and the ENAFS is designed. Finally， the simulation results are given to verify the superiority of the proposed ENAFS in terms of DOF， mutual coupling and estimation performance.
2025(1):101-111.
DOI: 10.16356/j.1005-1120.2025.01.008
Abstract:
Remote sensing cross-modal image-text retrieval （RSCIR） can flexibly and subjectively retrieve remote sensing images utilizing query text， which has received more researchers’ attention recently. However， with the increasing volume of visual-language pre-training model parameters， direct transfer learning consumes a substantial amount of computational and storage resources. Moreover， recently proposed parameter-efficient transfer learning methods mainly focus on the reconstruction of channel features， ignoring the spatial features which are vital for modeling key entity relationships. To address these issues， we design an efficient transfer learning framework for RSCIR， which is based on spatial feature efficient reconstruction （SPER）. A concise and efficient spatial adapter is introduced to enhance the extraction of spatial relationships. The spatial adapter is able to spatially reconstruct the features in the backbone with few parameters while incorporating the prior information from the channel dimension. We conduct quantitative and qualitative experiments on two different commonly used RSCIR datasets. Compared with traditional methods， our approach achieves an improvement of 3%—11% in sumR metric. Compared with methods finetuning all parameters， our proposed method only trains less than 1% of the parameters， while maintaining an overall performance of about 96%. The relevant code and files are released athttps：//github.com/AICyberTeam/SPER .
Remote sensing cross-modal image-text retrieval （RSCIR） can flexibly and subjectively retrieve remote sensing images utilizing query text， which has received more researchers’ attention recently. However， with the increasing volume of visual-language pre-training model parameters， direct transfer learning consumes a substantial amount of computational and storage resources. Moreover， recently proposed parameter-efficient transfer learning methods mainly focus on the reconstruction of channel features， ignoring the spatial features which are vital for modeling key entity relationships. To address these issues， we design an efficient transfer learning framework for RSCIR， which is based on spatial feature efficient reconstruction （SPER）. A concise and efficient spatial adapter is introduced to enhance the extraction of spatial relationships. The spatial adapter is able to spatially reconstruct the features in the backbone with few parameters while incorporating the prior information from the channel dimension. We conduct quantitative and qualitative experiments on two different commonly used RSCIR datasets. Compared with traditional methods， our approach achieves an improvement of 3%—11% in sumR metric. Compared with methods finetuning all parameters， our proposed method only trains less than 1% of the parameters， while maintaining an overall performance of about 96%. The relevant code and files are released at
2025(1):112-122.
DOI: 10.16356/j.1005-1120.2025.01.009
Abstract:
During the automated placement process of dry fibers， the positioning and fixation of dry fiber gauze belts are achieved by spraying setting agents. The amount of the setting agent is difficult to control when it is sprayed manually. Furthermore， it can also affect the permeability of the preform， resin injection and the quality of the vacuum assisted resin infusion （VARI） molding， resulting in a decrease in the mechanical properties of composite materials. This study utilizes dry fiber automated placement equipment and an automated spraying system to manufacture preform structures， followed by VARI process to prepare composite samples with varying setting agent contents. Subsequently， mechanical characterization including interlaminar shear， bending and tensile testing is conducted to investigate the influence of setting agent content on both the manufacturing process and the mechanical properties of composite products. The results show that the interlaminar shear strength， bending strength and tensile strength of the sample gradually decrease with the increase of the content of the setting agent. The optimal setting agent content for automated laying of dry fiber is determined to be 4%—6%， balancing the preformed body’s layup quality and its impact on mechanical properties. Compared with agent-free samples， this range results in reductions of 3% in interlaminar shear strength， 9% in bending strength， 11% in bending modulus， and 13%—16% in tensile strength.
During the automated placement process of dry fibers， the positioning and fixation of dry fiber gauze belts are achieved by spraying setting agents. The amount of the setting agent is difficult to control when it is sprayed manually. Furthermore， it can also affect the permeability of the preform， resin injection and the quality of the vacuum assisted resin infusion （VARI） molding， resulting in a decrease in the mechanical properties of composite materials. This study utilizes dry fiber automated placement equipment and an automated spraying system to manufacture preform structures， followed by VARI process to prepare composite samples with varying setting agent contents. Subsequently， mechanical characterization including interlaminar shear， bending and tensile testing is conducted to investigate the influence of setting agent content on both the manufacturing process and the mechanical properties of composite products. The results show that the interlaminar shear strength， bending strength and tensile strength of the sample gradually decrease with the increase of the content of the setting agent. The optimal setting agent content for automated laying of dry fiber is determined to be 4%—6%， balancing the preformed body’s layup quality and its impact on mechanical properties. Compared with agent-free samples， this range results in reductions of 3% in interlaminar shear strength， 9% in bending strength， 11% in bending modulus， and 13%—16% in tensile strength.
2025(1):123-136.
DOI: 10.16356/j.1005-1120.2025.01.010
Abstract:
7075 aluminum alloy is often used as an important load-bearing structure in aircraft industry due to its superior mechanical properties. During the process of deep hole boring， the boring bar is prone to vibrate because of its limited machining space， bad environment and large elongation induced low stiffness. To reduce vibration and improve machined surface quality， a particle damping boring bar， filled with particles in its inside damping block， is designed based on the theory of vibration control. The theoretical damping coefficient is determined， then the boring bar structure is designed and trial-manufactured. Experimental studies through impact testing show that cemented carbide particles with a diameter of 5 mm and a filling rate of 70% achieve a damping ratio of 19.386%， providing excellent vibration reduction capabilities， which may reduce the possibility of boring vibration. Then， experiments are setup to investigate its vibration reduction performance during deep hole boring of 7075 aluminum alloy. To observe more obviously， severe working conditions are adopted and carried out to acquire the time domain vibration signal of the head of the boring bar and the surface morphologies and roughness values of the workpieces. By comparing different experimental results， it is found that the designed boring bar could reduce the maximum vibration amplitude by up to 81.01% and the surface roughness value by up to 47.09% compared with the ordinary boring bar in two sets of experiments， proving that the designed boring bar can effectively reduce vibration. This study can offer certain valuable insights for the machining of this material.
7075 aluminum alloy is often used as an important load-bearing structure in aircraft industry due to its superior mechanical properties. During the process of deep hole boring， the boring bar is prone to vibrate because of its limited machining space， bad environment and large elongation induced low stiffness. To reduce vibration and improve machined surface quality， a particle damping boring bar， filled with particles in its inside damping block， is designed based on the theory of vibration control. The theoretical damping coefficient is determined， then the boring bar structure is designed and trial-manufactured. Experimental studies through impact testing show that cemented carbide particles with a diameter of 5 mm and a filling rate of 70% achieve a damping ratio of 19.386%， providing excellent vibration reduction capabilities， which may reduce the possibility of boring vibration. Then， experiments are setup to investigate its vibration reduction performance during deep hole boring of 7075 aluminum alloy. To observe more obviously， severe working conditions are adopted and carried out to acquire the time domain vibration signal of the head of the boring bar and the surface morphologies and roughness values of the workpieces. By comparing different experimental results， it is found that the designed boring bar could reduce the maximum vibration amplitude by up to 81.01% and the surface roughness value by up to 47.09% compared with the ordinary boring bar in two sets of experiments， proving that the designed boring bar can effectively reduce vibration. This study can offer certain valuable insights for the machining of this material.
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